A Comprehensive Look at Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)

In the global healthcare landscape, various respiratory illnesses have posed challenges in recent years. While COVID-19 often takes center stage, one virus that deserves attention is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV). Though it does not generate as many headlines as other viral infections, HMPV has been increasingly recognized for its contribution to respiratory diseases. As outbreaks continue to emerge, healthcare professionals emphasize the need for awareness regarding its symptoms, transmission, and prevention. In this blog, we’ll guide you through everything you need to know about HMPV, from common signs to effective protective measures.

What is HMPV?

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Despite being less prominent in public discussions, it has steadily gained recognition for causing respiratory illnesses—particularly in individuals who are more vulnerable, such as young children, older adults, and those with weakened immune systems.

Key Details About HMPV

Family: Part of the Paramyxoviridae family (alongside RSV and parainfluenza viruses).
First Identified: Discovered in 2001, it has since become a recognized cause of respiratory infections.
Target Groups: Primarily affects young children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems.
Symptoms: Can range from mild, cold-like issues (e.g., fever, cough, runny nose) to more severe infections such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis.
Transmission: Primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, much like the flu or common cold.
Public Health Impact: Although less commonly discussed than some viruses, HMPV contributes significantly to seasonal respiratory infections and hospital admissions.

Symptoms of HMPV

Individuals infected with HMPV may experience a spectrum of respiratory symptoms, from mild to severe. Common signs include:

Coughing: Can be persistent and may involve mucus production.
Fever: The body may respond with a high fever to combat the infection.
Shortness of Breath: Wheezing or difficulty breathing is often reported, especially in severe cases.
Sore Throat: This can lead to irritation and difficulty swallowing.
Runny Nose: Nasal congestion is frequently an early indicator.
Fatigue: Much like other viral infections, HMPV can cause significant tiredness and a general feeling of being unwell.

In serious cases—particularly for babies, older adults, or those with weakened immune systems—bronchiolitis and pneumonia can develop, leading to notable respiratory stress.

How is HMPV Transmitted?

HMPV typically spreads via droplets from an infected individual through sneezing, coughing, or speaking. It can also be passed along through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or close interaction with someone who is infected. Touching your face after handling objects like doorknobs or cell phones can also transmit the virus.

HMPV infections often spike during fall and winter, as people spend more time indoors, increasing the potential for person-to-person spread. The virus’s overlap in symptoms with other common respiratory illnesses can make it difficult to diagnose without specific testing.

Expert View:
Dr. Sangeeta V Budur, Consultant – Paediatrics and Paediatric Intensive Care at Aster RV Hospital, points out that HMPV can result in a spectrum of illnesses, ranging from mild upper respiratory infections to more severe cases like pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In paediatric lower respiratory tract infections, 5–25% are associated with HMPV. Outbreaks often peak in winter and spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and around June and July in the Southern Hemisphere.

Preventing HMPV

Although there is currently no specific vaccine against HMPV, researchers are actively working on potential options. In the meantime, preventive measures largely mirror those for other respiratory viruses. Here are some key strategies:

Prevention Strategy	Description
Good hygiene practices	Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching shared surfaces. If soap is unavailable, use a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
Cover coughs and sneezes	Always cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or handkerchief to prevent the release of infectious droplets.
Disinfect surfaces	Frequently clean and sanitize high-touch areas like doorknobs, light switches, and smartphones.
Avoid close contact with sick individuals	Steer clear of individuals who exhibit signs of a respiratory infection.
Wear masks	In crowded areas or close contact situations—particularly around ill individuals—wearing a mask can help limit virus transmission.
Boost immunity	Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including balanced nutrition, regular exercise, and sufficient rest, can strengthen your immune system.

Diagnosing HMPV

Diagnosis usually involves a combination of clinical evaluation and specific laboratory tests. Because symptoms often overlap with other respiratory infections, healthcare providers may suggest:

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Testing: Detects the genetic material of HMPV in respiratory specimens.
Antigen Testing: Offers quicker results by identifying viral proteins, but may be less sensitive compared to PCR.
Chest X-ray: If pneumonia or other serious complications are suspected, an X-ray may be necessary to assess lung health.

Treatment for HMPV

Currently, there is no specialized antiviral medication for HMPV. Treatment largely focuses on alleviating symptoms:

Rest: Give your body time and energy to combat the infection.
Hydration: Drinking fluids can help loosen mucus and maintain overall hydration.
Over-the-Counter Medications: Pain relievers and fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can help, but always follow professional advice on dosing.
Inhalers or Nebulizers: For those experiencing severe breathing difficulties, bronchodilators may be prescribed to help open the airways.

Could HMPV Spark Another COVID-19 Scenario?

As communities recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, concerns arise about whether HMPV could trigger a similar wave of infections. While HMPV is indeed a notable respiratory virus, it doesn’t appear to share the same rapid spread potential as SARS-CoV-2.

Healthcare Burden: The co-circulation of HMPV and COVID-19 might still place increased pressure on health services, particularly during peak viral seasons.
Co-Infection Risks: Individuals infected with both viruses may develop more severe respiratory symptoms.
Preventive Overlap: Measures taken against COVID-19—such as wearing masks and following good hygiene—can also reduce the spread of HMPV.

Frequently Asked Questions

What symptoms appear in infants under 6 months?
Infants may present with a cough, fever, or runny nose. In severe situations, they could experience rapid or labored breathing.
Are there home remedies for babies with HMPV?
Keep them hydrated and ensure they rest sufficiently. A humidifier can ease breathing, and saline nasal drops may help relieve congestion. Always consult a healthcare provider before trying new remedies.
How to treat HMPV in babies?
Make sure they stay well-hydrated and monitor their breathing patterns. Over-the-counter fever reducers can be used under medical advice. For high-risk infants, discuss potential immunizations with your pediatrician.
Is HMPV contagious?
Yes, it spreads readily through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Complications like pneumonia or bronchiolitis may occur, especially in higher-risk patients. Testing can confirm infection if symptoms persist.
How long does HMPV last?
Symptoms typically last between one and two weeks. Although most people begin to recover during this period, children and older adults might need more time if complications arise.
Why are children more susceptible?
Children’s immune systems are still developing, and their smaller airways can exacerbate breathing difficulties. These factors make them more prone to severe symptoms and complications.
Is HMPV worse than RSV?
Both viruses can produce similar symptoms. While RSV is more commonly recognized, HMPV can also result in serious conditions, especially in vulnerable groups.
Is there a cure for HMPV?
There isn’t a direct cure; recovery usually involves supportive care like hydration and fever control. Serious complications may call for hospital-based treatment.
Is HMPV a serious disease?
It can become severe, especially for infants, older adults, and people with weakened immunity. Although many cases are mild, there is a risk of pneumonia or bronchiolitis in higher-risk groups.
How many cases are reported in India?
As of January 9, 2025, there have been 11 reported cases of HMPV in India—two in Bengaluru, one in Gujarat, two in Chennai, three in Kolkata, two in Nagpur, and one in Mumbai. All tested positive for the virus.

Conclusion

HMPV, once overshadowed by other respiratory viruses, is emerging as an important player in global health, particularly among populations at greater risk. Recognizing its symptoms, understanding how it spreads, and adopting prevention strategies are vital to reducing infection rates. As respiratory illnesses continue to circulate, regular health checks, good hygiene, and informed medical guidance remain essential. By staying vigilant, we can help protect ourselves and those around us from HMPV and similar threats to public health.